Constitution of India and Polity 3

NEW STATES IN INDIA CREATED AFTER 1950 Following are the new states in India created after 1950. Andhra Pradesh Created by the State of Andhra Pradesh Act 1953 by carving our some areas fromthe State of Chennai Gujarat and Maharashtra The State of Mumbai was divided into two States i.e. Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Mumbai (Reorganisation) Act 1960 Kerala Created by the State Reorganisation Act, 1956. It comprised Travancor and Cochin areas Karnataka Created from the Princely State of Mysuru by the StateReorganisation Act, 1956. It was renamed Karnataka in 1973 Nagaland It was carved out from the State of Asom by the State ofNagaland Act, 1952 Haryana It was carved out from the State of Punjab by the Punjab (Reorganisation) Act, 1966 Himachal Pradesh The Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh was elevated to the status of State by the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970 Meghalaya First carved out as a sub-State within the State ofAsom by 23 Constitutional Amendment Act, 1969. Later in 1971, it received the status of a full-fledged Stateby the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act 1971 Manipura and Tripura Both these States were elevated from the status of Union-Territories by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act 1971 Sikkim Sikkim was first given the Status of Associate State by the 35th Constitutional Amendment Act 1974. It got the status of a full State in 1975 by the 36th AmendmentAct, 1975 Mizoram It was elevated to the statusof a full State by the State ofMizoram Act, 1986 Arunachal Pradesh It received the status of a full state by the State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1896 Goa Goa was separated from the Union-Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu and was made a full-fledged State of Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act 1987. But Daman and Diu remained as Union Territory Chhattisgarh Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Madhya Pradesh on November 1, 2000 Uttarakhand Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Uttar Pradesh on November 9, 2000 Jharkhand Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Bihar on November 15, 2000 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IN INDIA The Fundamental Rights in Indian constitution acts as a guarantee that all Indian citizens can and will live their lifes in peace as long as they live in Indian democracy. Theyinclude individual rigts common to most liberal democracies, such as equalitybefore the law, freddom of speech and expression, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, freedom ofreligion, and the right to constitutional remedies for theprotection of civil right. Originally, the right to property was also included in the Fundamental Rights, however, the Forty-Fourth Amendment, passed in 1978, revised the status of property rights by stating that "No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law." Following are the Fudamental Rights in India Right to Equality *. Article 14 :- Equality before law and equal protection of law *. Article 15 :- Prohibition of discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. *. Article 16 :- Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment *. Article 17 :- End of untouchability *. Article 18 :- Abolition of titles, Military and academicdistinctions are, however, exempted Right to Freedom *. Article 19 :- It guarantees the citizens of India the following six fundamentals freedoms:- 1. Freedom of Speech and Expression 2. Freedom of Assembly 3. Freedom of form Associations 4. Freedom of Movement 5. Freedom of Residence and Settlement 6. Freedom of Profession, Occupation, Trade and Bussiness *. Article 20 :- Protection in respect of conviction for offences *. Article 21 :- Protection of life and personal liberty *. Article 22 :- Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases Right Against Exploitation *. Article 23 :- Traffic in human beings prohibited *. Article 24 :- No child below the age of 14 can be employed Right to freedom of Religion *. Article 25 :- Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion *. Article 26 :- Freedom to manage religious affairs *. Article 27 :- Prohibits taxes on religious grounds *. Article 28 :- Freedom as toattendance at religious ceremonies in certain educational institutions Cultural and Educational Rights *. Article 29 :- Protection of interests of minorities *. Article 30 :- Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions *. Article 31 :- Omitted by the44th Amendment Act Right to Constitutional Remedies *. Article 32 :- The right to move the Supreme Court incase of their violation (called Soul and heart of the Constitution by BR Ambedkar) *. Forms of Writ check *. Habeas Corpus :- Equality before law and equal protection of law